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Chris Bryant, CCIE #12933 Profile and Articles
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51). Cisco CCNA Certification: Defining Broadcast Domains
When you're studying to pass the CCNA exam and earn your certification, you're introduced to a great many terms that are either totally new to you or seem familiar, but you're not quite sure what they are. The term "broadcast domain" falls into the latter category for many CCNA candidates.
A broadcast domain is simply the group of end ...
52). Cisco CCNA Certification: Error Detection vs. Error Recovery
Passing the CCNA, Intro, and ICND exam is all about knowing and noticing the details. (Which makes perfect sense, since becoming a master networking administrator or engineer is also about noticing the details!) One such detail knows the difference between error detection and error recovery. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they ...
53). Cisco CCNA Certification: Five Key Combinations You Should Know
When you start studying for your CCNA and CCNP exams, many books will present you with a huge list of keystroke shortcuts for use on Cisco routers. While the 640-801, 811, and 821 exams may ask you about one or two of these, you really have to get hands-on experience with these commands to master them. Even better, there are some key combinations t...
54). Cisco CCNA Certification: How And Why Switches Trunk
Your CCNA studies are going to include quite a bit of information about switches, and for good reason. if you don't understand basic switching theory, you can't configure and troubleshoot Cisco switches, either on the CCNA exam or in the real world. That goes double for trunking!
Trunking is simply enabling two or more switches to comm...
55). Cisco CCNA Certification: Should You Take The One-Exam or T
One question I’m often asked by CCNA candidates is whether to take the “one big exam”, or take the two separate exams required by Cisco to
56). Cisco CCNA Certification: Static Routing Tutorial
In studying for your CCNA exam and preparing to earn this valuable certification, you may be tempted to spend little time studying static routing and head right for the more exciting dynamic routing protocols like RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF. This is an understandable mistake, but still a mistake. Static routing is not complicated, but it's an important t...
57). Cisco CCNA Certification: The (Many) Different Kinds Of Switching
When you're studying for your CCNA exam, whether you're taking the Intro-ICND path or the single-exam path, you're quickly introduced to the fact that switching occurs at Layer 2 of the OSI model. No problem there, but then other terms involving switching are thrown in, and some of them can be more than a little confusing. What is "cell switching"?...
58). Cisco CCNA Certification: The Importance Of Hands-On Practice
CCNA and CCNP candidates hear it all the time: “you have to get some hands-on experience to pass the exams”.
Candidates tend to think that’s just so they can solve the simulator problems, but that’s only the more obvious reason.
First, I want to make it clear that I’m not bashing learning from books you have to learn theo...
59). Cisco CCNA Certification: The Importance Of The OSI Model
There's nothing I enjoy more than teaching Cisco technologies, especially CCNA candidates. Whether it's in-person or online, everyone's excited to be there. There's a sense of anticipation in the air, and everyone is ready to work hard, get their hands on the racks of Cisco routers and switches I
have available...
... and then I ...
60). Cisco CCNA Certification: The Path To Take After Earning The CCNA
Once you earn your CCNA certification, you've got quite a few exciting choices ahead of you! The majority of CCNAs go on to pursue another Cisco certification, and this is a wise decision. The more you know, the more valuable you are in today's IT market.
A question I'm often asked by new CCNAs is "Which certification should I go after...
61). Cisco CCNA Certification: The Value Of The CCNA And CCNP
One question I see often on the 'Net is "Is it worth my time to earn a CCNA / CCNP / CCIE certification?" My personal answer to that is a resounding yes. The power of Cisco certifications has allowed me to create a tremendous career, and they can do the same for you.
There has never been a better time to accelerate your IT career, and ...
62). Cisco CCNA Certification: Why You MUST Gain Hands-On Router
CCNA and CCNP candidates hear it all the time: "you have to get some hands-on experience to pass the exams".Candidates tend to think that
63). Cisco CCNA Certification: Don't Overreact To Exam Version Ch
CCNA Certification: Don't Overreact To Exam Version Changes
Whenever a Cisco exam version changes, there's always a lot of chatter about it on
64). Cisco CCNA Certification: Five Things To Do DURING The Exam
There are plenty of articles out there about how to prepare for the CCNA exam. However, there are also things you can do to increase your
65). Cisco CCNA Certification: Introduction to ISDN, Part I
From the CCNA to the CCIE, ISDN is one of the most important technolgies you'll work with. It's also very common in the field; ISDN is fre
66). Cisco CCNA Certification: The Joy Of Hex
Cisco certification candidates, particularly CCNA candidates, must master binary math. This includes basic conversions, such as binary-to-
67). Cisco CCNA Certification: Why You MUST Have Hands-On Experie
CCNA and CCNP candidates hear it all the time: “you have to get some hands-on experience to pass the exams”.
Candidates tend to think that’s j
68). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial And Case Study: VLANs and IP Connectivity
In this CCNA case study, we'll take some basic switching and trunking theory and put it into action. We have two routers (R2 and R3) along with two switches (SW1 and SW2). R2 is connected to SW1 at fast 0/2, and R3 is connected to SW2 at fast 0/3. Both routers have IP addresses on the 172.12.23.0 /24 network.
For these routers to be ab...
69). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: A Guide To RAM, ROM, NVRAM, and Flash
CCNA exam success depends on knowing the details, and nowhere is this more true than knowing the various components of a Cisco router. This is also where you can quickly start drowning in acronyms! The terms "RAM" and "ROM" probably aren't new to you, but keeping up with "what goes where" with RAM, ROM, NVRAM, and Flash Memory can be quite a challe...
70). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: CCNA Recertification Requirements
Passing the CCNA exam and earning this coveted Cisco certification is an important step in your career, but it's not the end of your responsibilities as a CCNA! When you work with computer networks, you've got to be continually learning and staying up on the latest technologies and changes in the field. Part of this responsibility is keeping your C...
71). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)
The Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) sure looks simple enough, but there are quite a few details to know for success on the CCNA exam. In your CCNP studies, you'll be introduced to additional uses for CDP, but for now it's enough to know that CDP is designed to give you information regarding directly connected Cisco routers and switches.
...
72). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Configuring Standard Access Lists
Access Control Lists (ACLs) allow a router to permit or deny packets based on a variety of criteria. The ACL is configured in global mode, but is applied at the interface level. An ACL does not take effect until it is expressly applied to an interface with the ip access-group command. Packets can be filtered as they enter or exit an interface.
73). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Directly Connected Serial Interfaces
To pass the CCNA exam, you've got to master quite a few services and routing protocols that may be new to you. Between RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, and switching, there are hundreds of details you've got to absorb! It's easy to spend all your time on those topics and not pay proper attention to "easier" technologies, and then all of a sudden on exam day...
74). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Five ISDN Details To Remember
CCNA exam success depends on mastering many technologies that are new to you, and few exam topics have more details than ISDN. ISDN isn't just for your CCNA exam studies, though. While ISDN is dismissed by many, the fact is that there are many small and mid-size networks out there that use ISDN as their backup to frame relay. Some of these companie...
75). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Five OSPF Hub-And-Spoke Details You Must Know!
CCNA exam success depends greatly on knowing the details, and if there's one protocol that has a lot of details, it's OSPF! This is true particularly of hub-and-spoke networks, so in this CCNA OSPF tutorial we'll take a look at some of the more important hub-and-spoke OSPF details. This will help you in working with real-world networks as well, sin...
76). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: How To Spend Your Study Time
To pass the CCNA exam, you've got to create a study plan. Part of that plan is scheduling your study time, and making that study time count.
You’ve scheduled your exam you’ve created a document to track your study time you’ve planned exactly when you’re going to study. Now the plan must be carried out, without exception.
W...
77). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: IGRP And Equal Cost Load Balancing
To pass the CCNA exam, you've got to know the role of the bandwidth command with IGRP and EIGRP and when to use it. In this tutorial, we'll configure IGRP over a frame relay hub-and-spoke network using the following networks:
R1 (the hub), R2, and R3 are running IGRP over the 172.12.123.0 /24 network. This is a T1 line.
R1...
78). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Loopback Interfaces
As a CCNA candidate, you most likely have some background in PC hardware and workstation support. If so, you're already familiar with loopback interfaces, particularly 127.0.0.1, the loopback address assigned to a PC.
When you're learning all about the different physical interfaces for your CCNA exam - serial, ethernet, and BRI, among ...
79). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Mapping The OSI Model To The TCPIP Model
The OSI model is the model that most networking personnel are familiar with, but to earn your CCNA, you need to know the OSI model, the TCP/IP model, and how the two map to each other.
The four layers of the TCP/IP architecture can be compared to certain levels of the OSI model. It’s important to know what each level of the TCP/IP prot...
80). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Password Recovery Procedures
It might happen on your CCNA exam, it might happen on your production network - but sooner or later, you're going to have to perform password recovery on a Cisco router or switch. This involves manipulating the router's configuration register, and that is enough to make some CCNA candidates and network administrators really nervous!
It...
81). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Route Summarization
Preparing to pass the CCNA exam and earn this important Cisco certification? Route summarization is just one of the many skills you'll have to master in order to earn your CCNA. Whether it's RIP version 2, OSPF, or EIGRP, the CCNA exam will demand that you can flawlessly configure route summarization.
Route summarization isn't just imp...
82). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Split Horizon And Hub-And-Spoke Networks
For CCNA exam success, you had better know what split horizon is, how to turn it off, and when to turn it off. Knowing when to turn split horizon off is also important in production networks, because it can cause a hub-and-spoke network to have incomplete routing tables on the spokes.
Split horizon exists for a very good reason - routi...
83). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Troubleshooting Directly Connected Serial Interfaces
CCNA exam success depends largely on noticing the details, and this is especially true of configurations involving directly connected serial interfaces. And of course, it's not enough to notice these details - you've got to know what to do about them!
A Cisco router is a DTE by default, but directly connecting two DTEs with a DCE/DTE c...
84). Cisco CCNA Exam Tutorial: Using Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
One of the first things you do when you start studying for the CCNA exam is memorizing a list of port numbers and the protocols that run on those ports. If you're an experienced networker, you know most of the protocols that are mentioned - DNS, DHCP, FTP, SMTP, and so on. But there's one protocol that you might not have experience with, but is act...
85). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: BPDU Skew Detection
You may look at that feature's name and think, "What is a BPDU Skew, and why do I want to detect it?" What we're actually attempting to detect are BPDUs that aren't being relayed as quickly as they should be.
After the root bridge election, the root bridge transmits BPDUs, and the non-root switches relay that BPDU down the STP tree. Th...
86). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Changing The Active Router In HSRP
To pass the BCMSN exam and earn your CCNP certification, you've got to know HSRP inside and out. While the operation and basic commands of HSRP are pretty simple, there are some important details that are easily overlooked but are vital in getting HSRP to work the way you want it to. Let's take a look at using the priority command correctly on both...
87). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Configuring CGMP On Routers & Switches
If a Layer Two switch doesn't have the capabilities to run IGMP Snooping, it will be able to run CGMP - Cisco Group Membership Protocol. CGMP allows the multicast router to work with the Layer Two switch to eliminate unnecessary multicast forwarding.
CGMP will be enabled on both the multicast router and the switch, but the router's go...
88). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Configuring PortFast And BPDU Guard
In your CCNA studies, you learned about PortFast and the trouble it can cause if configured on the wrong port! Suitable only for switch ports connected directly to a single host, PortFast allows a port running STP to go directly from blocking to forwarding mode.
A Cisco router will give you a warning when you configure PortFast:...
89). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP)
When you're studying to pass the BCMSN exam on the way to earning your CCNP certification, you're going to add to your CCNA knowledgebase every step of the way. Nowhere is that more than configuring a trunk between two switches.
You know that IEEE 802.1Q ("dot1q") and ISL are your two choices of trunking protocols, and you know the mai...
90). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Dynamic VLANs and VMPS
Knowledge of Dynamic VLANs and VMPS is important in your efforts to pass the BCMSN exam and earn your CCNP, and it's also a great skill to have for your networking career.
As a CCNA and CCNP candidate, you know how and why to configure static VLANs. Static VLANs can be a powerful tool for reducing unnecessary broadcast and multicast t...
91). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Multicasting And Reserved Addresses
Ever since you picked up your first CCNA book, you've heard about multicasting, gotten a fair idea of what it is, and you've memorized a couple of reserved multicasting addresses. Now as you prepare to pass the BCMSN exam and become a CCNP, you've got to take that knowledge to the next level and gain a true understanding of multicasting. Those of y...
92). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Timers
In your BCMSN / CCNP exam study, it's easy to overlook some of the details of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). After all, you learned all of that in your CCNA studies, right? Not necessarily! While some of the BCMSN material will be a review for you, there are some details regarding familiar topics that you need to learn. That includes the timers for ...
93). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Switches, QoS, And Cisco's Networking Model
QoS is a big topic on your BCMSN and CCNP exams, and for good reason. As more and more traffic flows through today's networks, accurately applying QoS to both your routers and switches becomes more important.
Note the phrase "accurately applying". You must have a plan in place before you start configuring QoS on your switches, and to c...
94). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: The Core Layer Of Cisco's Three-Layer Model
In this section, you're going to be reintroduced to a networking model you first saw in your CCNA studies. No, it's not the OSI model or the TCP/IP model - it's the Cisco Three-Layer Hierarchical Model. Let's face it, just about all you had to do for the CCNA was memorize the three layers and the order they were found in that model, but the stakes ...
95). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: The Four (Or Five) STP Port States
As a CCNP candidate and a CCNA, you may be tempted to skip or just browse the many details of Spanning Tree Protocol. After all, you learned all of that in your CCNA studies, right? That's right, but it never hurts to review STP for a switching exam! Besides, many of us think of the four STP port states - but officially, there's a fifth one!
...
96). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Changing Root Bridge Election Results
Your BCMSN and CCNP studies will include mastering the details of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). While you learned some of these details in your CCNA studies, quite a bit of it may be new to you. Before going on to the intermediate and advanced STP features, let's review the root bridge election process and learn how to change these results.
97). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Multicasting And The RPF Check
Multicasting is a vital topic on your BCMSN, CCNP, and CCIE exams, and it can also be very confusing when you first start studying it. Multicasting uses concepts that are unlike anything you've run into in your routing protocol studies, and that can throw you at first. I speak from experience that multicasting is like any other Cisco technology - l...
98). Cisco CCNP / BCMSN Exam Tutorial: Static VLANs
BCMSN exam success and earning your CCNP certification requires you to add to your knowledge of VLAN configuration. When you studied for your CCNA exam, you learned how to place ports into a VLAN and what the purpose of VLANs was, but you may not be aware that there are two types of VLAN membership. To pass the BCMSN exam, you must know the details...
99). Cisco CCNP / BCSI Exam Tutorial: Broadcasts And The IP Helper-Address Command
While routers accept and generate broadcasts, they do not forward them. This can be quite a problem when a broadcast needs to get to a device such as a DHCP or TFTP server that's on one side of a router with other subnets on the other side.
If a PC attempts to locate a DNS server with a broadcast, the broadcast will be stopped by the ...
100). Cisco CCNP / BCSI Exam Tutorial: Configuring EIGRP Packet Authentication
Configuring RIPv2 and EIGRP authentication with key chains can be tricky at first, and the syntax isn't exactly easy to remember. But for BSCI and CCNP exam success, we've got to be able to perform this task.
In a previous tutorial, we saw how to configure RIPv2 packet authentication, with both clear-text and MD5 authentication schemes...
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